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Some useful information about batteries

Most, if not all, spacecraft require some form of energy storage medium. The requirements for the type and configuration of energy storage are generally dictated by four main factors:

  1. The environment in which the spacecraft is operating (i.e. orbital parameters dictating eclipse period and frequency, thermal considerations).
  2. The mission life expectancy.
  3. The operations profile and power requirements of the mission itself.
  4. Mass and volume budget constraints.

The most commonly used form of energy storage are Secondary Batteries. It should be remembered, however, that there are alternatives to this stalwart method of storing power. These alternatives include Primary Batteries, Fuel Cells, Mechanical Energy Storage and Super Capacitors.

Another reason not mentioned above which must also be considered is the finance budget and schedule considerations of the mission. Secondary batteries mostly provide the most cost effective solution due to the fact that the technology is widely available, but also because most power system architectures and electronics are designed to interface to this means of energy storage. If the mission requirements lend themselves to a less standard means of energy storage this can have serious impacts to the rest of the spacecraft subsystems.

Useful papers

Lithium Ion Polymer Cell for Small Satellites
Presented at the 2008 NASA Battery Workshop. Summarises the work performed by Clyde Space to characterise our lithium polymer cell.

Performance and Safety Testing of Varta Li-ion Polymer Cells
A summary of performance and safety testing of the Varta Lithium Polymer cells by NASA Johnson Space Centre (Varta cells supplied and used in flight batteries by Clyde Space).  The test is to verify safety of the cells for use on missions that deploy from the shuttle or other manned flights.

Evaluation of Lithium Polymer Technology for Small Satellite Applications
Presented at the 2007 Small Satellite Conference in Utah. Summarises the results of a study funded by ESA into the potential of lithium polymer technology for space use.

Commercial Nickel Cadmium Batteries for Space Use
This paper is authored by Craig Clark and presented at the European Space Power Conference in Tarragona, Spain in 1998. This paper describes the use of commercial Nickel Cadmium cells on small satellites.

Useful conferences and workshops

Useful books and texts

Handbook Of Batteries, David Linden.